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fashion phenomenon

  • 1 phénomène

    phénomène [fenɔmεn]
    masculine noun
       a. phenomenon
    • phénomène de société/de mode social/fashion phenomenon
       b. ( = personne) (inf) (génial) phenomenon ; (excentrique) character (inf)
    * * *
    fenɔmɛn
    nom masculin
    1) ( fait) phenomenon
    2) (colloq) ( original) character
    3) ( de cirque) freak
    * * *
    fenɔmɛn nm
    1) (social, climatique, naturel) phenomenon
    2) (= personne) phenomenon
    * * *
    1 ( fait) phenomenon; des phénomènes inexpliqués unexplained phenomena; des phénomènes de racisme manifestations of racism; le phénomène Gorbatchev the Gorbatchev phenomenon;
    2 ○( original) c'est un phénomène! he/she's quite a character!;
    3 ( de cirque) freak;
    4 Philos phenomenon.
    [fenɔmɛn] nom masculin
    2. [manifestation] phenomenon
    3. [prodige] prodigy, wonder
    4. (familier) [excentrique] character
    5. [monstre]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > phénomène

  • 2 anuario

    m.
    yearbook.
    * * *
    1 yearbook
    * * *
    noun m.
    annual, yearbook
    * * *
    SM (=libro) yearbook, annual; (=guía) directory
    * * *
    masculino yearbook
    * * *
    = yearbook, annual.
    Nota: Nombre.
    Ex. Suppose you have to produce A/Z subject index entries by chain indexing procedure for the subject of the document 'A yearbook of civil engineering'.
    Ex. Yellow-backs were a largely English phenomenon, but the fashion for annuals -- generally anthologies, lavishly produced as gift-books -- came to Britain from France and Germany around 1820, and was immediately imitated by British publishers.
    ----
    * Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas (ARBA) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * * *
    masculino yearbook
    * * *
    = yearbook, annual.
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: Suppose you have to produce A/Z subject index entries by chain indexing procedure for the subject of the document 'A yearbook of civil engineering'.

    Ex: Yellow-backs were a largely English phenomenon, but the fashion for annuals -- generally anthologies, lavishly produced as gift-books -- came to Britain from France and Germany around 1820, and was immediately imitated by British publishers.
    * Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas (ARBA) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).

    * * *
    1 (publicación) yearbook
    2 ( Educ) (AmC, Col) yearbook
    * * *

    anuario sustantivo masculino
    yearbook
    anuario sustantivo masculino yearbook
    ' anuario' also found in these entries:
    English:
    annual
    - almanac
    * * *
    yearbook
    * * *
    m yearbook
    * * *
    : yearbook, annual

    Spanish-English dictionary > anuario

  • 3 demora

    f.
    1 delay.
    sin demora without delay, immediately
    2 time extension, ampliation.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: demorar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: demorar.
    * * *
    1 delay
    \
    sin demora without delay
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=retraso) delay
    2) (Náut) bearing
    * * *
    1) (esp AmL) ( retraso) delay

    demora en + inf — delay in -ing

    2) (Náut) bearing
    * * *
    = delay, lag, time lag [timelag], tardiness, slippage, lag time [lag-time], lateness, time-delay, holdout.
    Nota: Actitud de una persona de negarse a hacer algo con la esperanza de conseguir lo que busca en mejores condiciones, por ejemplo en una compra, contrato, etc..
    Ex. If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.
    Ex. If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.
    Ex. It is difficult to avoid an unacceptable time lag between the appearance of the original document and its announcement in an abstracting journal.
    Ex. Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) also publishes FAO Books in Print on an intended annual cycle but the programme has been subject to slippage in recent years.
    Ex. This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.
    Ex. This excellent cumulative index has not yet realized its full potential because of the relative lateness of its publication.
    Ex. Although the entry time-delay for US publications is about 7 months, priority publications are nearly current.
    Ex. The article carries the title ' Holdouts and other sneaky vendor tactics: no one profits when providers keep searchers from finding information'.
    ----
    * actuar sin demora = act + promptly.
    * demora en la recepción = receipt lag.
    * demora postal = mail lag.
    * gastos de demora = demurrage.
    * sin demora = on the spot, straight away, without delay, at short notice, promptly, right away, at once.
    * sin demoras = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.
    * tiempo de demora = lead time.
    * * *
    1) (esp AmL) ( retraso) delay

    demora en + inf — delay in -ing

    2) (Náut) bearing
    * * *
    = delay, lag, time lag [timelag], tardiness, slippage, lag time [lag-time], lateness, time-delay, holdout.
    Nota: Actitud de una persona de negarse a hacer algo con la esperanza de conseguir lo que busca en mejores condiciones, por ejemplo en una compra, contrato, etc..

    Ex: If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.

    Ex: If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.
    Ex: It is difficult to avoid an unacceptable time lag between the appearance of the original document and its announcement in an abstracting journal.
    Ex: Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex: The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) also publishes FAO Books in Print on an intended annual cycle but the programme has been subject to slippage in recent years.
    Ex: This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.
    Ex: This excellent cumulative index has not yet realized its full potential because of the relative lateness of its publication.
    Ex: Although the entry time-delay for US publications is about 7 months, priority publications are nearly current.
    Ex: The article carries the title ' Holdouts and other sneaky vendor tactics: no one profits when providers keep searchers from finding information'.
    * actuar sin demora = act + promptly.
    * demora en la recepción = receipt lag.
    * demora postal = mail lag.
    * gastos de demora = demurrage.
    * sin demora = on the spot, straight away, without delay, at short notice, promptly, right away, at once.
    * sin demoras = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.
    * tiempo de demora = lead time.

    * * *
    A ( esp AmL) (retraso) delay
    perdón por la demora, pero había mucho tráfico I'm sorry I'm late, but the traffic was bad
    le pido disculpas por mi demora en contestarle I do hope that you will forgive my delay in replying
    sin demora without delay
    B ( Náut) bearing
    tomar una demora to take a bearing
    * * *

     

    Del verbo demorar: ( conjugate demorar)

    demora es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    demora    
    demorar
    demora sustantivo femenino
    1 (esp AmL) ( retraso) delay;

    demora en hacer algo delay in doing sth;
    sin demora without delay
    2 (Náut) bearing
    demorar ( conjugate demorar) verbo transitivo
    a) (AmL) ( tardar):

    ◊ demoró tres horas en llegar he took o it took him three hours to arrive

    b) (AmL) ( retrasar) ‹viaje/decisión› to delay

    verbo intransitivo (AmL):
    ◊ ¡no demores! don't be long!

    demorarse verbo pronominal (AmL)

    ◊ ¡qué poco te demoraste! that didn't take you very long;

    me demoro 3 horas it takes me 3 hours
    b) ( tardar demasiado) to be o take too long;

    demorase en hacer algo to take a long time to do sth
    demora sustantivo femenino delay
    demorar verbo transitivo to delay, hold up
    ' demora' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    menester
    - retraso
    English:
    delay
    - lag
    - promptly
    - bearing
    - hold
    * * *
    demora nf
    [retraso] delay;
    el vuelo sufre una demora de una hora the flight has been delayed by one hour;
    la demora en el pago conlleva una sanción delay in payment will entail a penalty;
    disculpen la demora we apologize for the delay;
    sin demora without delay, immediately
    * * *
    f delay;
    sin demora without delay
    * * *
    demora nf
    : delay

    Spanish-English dictionary > demora

  • 4 espléndidamente

    adv.
    1 splendidly, brilliantly, elegantly, lavishly.
    2 generously, liberally, fully.
    * * *
    1 (con magnificencia) splendidly, magnificently
    2 (con generosidad) generously, lavishly
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=magníficamente) splendidly, magnificently
    2) (=generosamente) lavishly, generously
    * * *
    a) ( muy bien) < portarse> wonderfully
    b) ( generosamente) lavishly
    c) ( lujosamente) magnificently
    * * *
    Ex. Yellow-backs were a largely English phenomenon, but the fashion for annuals -- generally anthologies, lavishly produced as gift-books -- came to Britain from France and Germany around 1820, and was immediately imitated by British publishers.
    * * *
    a) ( muy bien) < portarse> wonderfully
    b) ( generosamente) lavishly
    c) ( lujosamente) magnificently
    * * *

    Ex: Yellow-backs were a largely English phenomenon, but the fashion for annuals -- generally anthologies, lavishly produced as gift-books -- came to Britain from France and Germany around 1820, and was immediately imitated by British publishers.

    * * *
    1
    (muy bien): nos trataron espléndidamente they were fantastic to us, they treated us marvelously
    se han portado espléndidamente they've behaved wonderfully
    2 (generosamente) lavishly
    fue espléndidamente agasajado por el alcalde he was lavishly entertained by the mayor
    3 (lujosamente) magnificently
    estaba espléndidamente decorado it was magnificently decorated
    * * *
    1. [maravillosamente] splendidly
    2. [con ostentación] magnificently
    3. [con abundancia] generously, lavishly

    Spanish-English dictionary > espléndidamente

  • 5 lujosamente

    adv.
    luxuriously.
    * * *
    1 luxuriously
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=con fasto) luxuriously
    2) (=profusamente) profusely
    * * *
    = plushily, lavishly.
    Ex. Most CACs were set up in high street shop-front premises, often rather plushily furnished.
    Ex. Yellow-backs were a largely English phenomenon, but the fashion for annuals -- generally anthologies, lavishly produced as gift-books -- came to Britain from France and Germany around 1820, and was immediately imitated by British publishers.
    * * *
    = plushily, lavishly.

    Ex: Most CACs were set up in high street shop-front premises, often rather plushily furnished.

    Ex: Yellow-backs were a largely English phenomenon, but the fashion for annuals -- generally anthologies, lavishly produced as gift-books -- came to Britain from France and Germany around 1820, and was immediately imitated by British publishers.

    * * *
    luxuriously
    * * *
    luxuriously

    Spanish-English dictionary > lujosamente

  • 6 retraso

    m.
    1 delay (demora).
    perdón por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay
    el vuelo ha sufrido un pequeño retraso the flight has been slightly delayed
    llegar con (15 minutos de) retraso to be (15 minutes) late
    los trenes circulan hoy con (una hora de) retraso trains are running (an hour) late today
    2 backwardness (subdesarrollo).
    llevar (siglos de) retraso to be (centuries) behind
    tener un retraso mental to be mentally retarded
    3 latency, delay.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: retrasar.
    * * *
    1 (demora) delay
    2 (subdesarrollo) backwardness, underdevelopment
    \
    ir con retraso to be running late
    llevar un año de retraso to be a year behind schedule
    retraso mental mental handicap, backwardness
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) lag
    * * *
    SM
    1) [al llegar] delay

    llegar con retraso — to be late, arrive late

    llegó con 25 minutos de retraso — he was o arrived 25 minutes late

    2) [en una actividad] delay

    el mitin comenzó con una hora de retraso — the rally began an hour late, the rally was delayed (by) an hour

    3) [en país, investigación] backwardness
    4)

    padece un leve retraso mental — he has mild learning difficulties, he's slightly retarded

    * * *
    a) ( demora) delay
    b) ( de país) backwardness
    c) (Psic)

    niños con retraso mental — mentally retarded o handicapped children

    * * *
    = deferment, delay, lag, retrogression, backwardness, lag time [lag-time].
    Ex. Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.
    Ex. If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.
    Ex. If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.
    Ex. Some of the proposals brought forth in this connection represent not technological progress but rather ideological retrogression.
    Ex. Libraries in developing countries suffer from technological backwardness.
    Ex. This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.
    ----
    * con retraso mental = mentally retarded.
    * ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.
    * retraso del envío = delivery delay.
    * retraso mental = mental retardation.
    * sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.
    * sufrir un retraso = encounter + delay.
    * * *
    a) ( demora) delay
    b) ( de país) backwardness
    c) (Psic)

    niños con retraso mental — mentally retarded o handicapped children

    * * *
    = deferment, delay, lag, retrogression, backwardness, lag time [lag-time].

    Ex: Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.

    Ex: If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.
    Ex: If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.
    Ex: Some of the proposals brought forth in this connection represent not technological progress but rather ideological retrogression.
    Ex: Libraries in developing countries suffer from technological backwardness.
    Ex: This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.
    * con retraso mental = mentally retarded.
    * ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.
    * retraso del envío = delivery delay.
    * retraso mental = mental retardation.
    * sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.
    * sufrir un retraso = encounter + delay.

    * * *
    1 (demora) delay
    perdona por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay, I'm sorry it's late
    viene con media hora de retraso it's (running) half an hour late
    llevamos or tenemos un retraso de dos meses sobre el programa previsto we're two months behind schedule
    no podemos permitir otro retraso en el proceso we cannot allow another delay to o hold-up in the process
    cualquier retraso en el pago/la entrega de los productos any delay in payment/delivery of the products
    2 (de un país) backwardness
    3 ( Psic):
    niños con retraso mental children with learning difficulties; (más grave) mentally retarded o handicapped children
    * * *

     

    Del verbo retrasar: ( conjugate retrasar)

    retraso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    retrasó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    retrasar    
    retraso
    retrasar ( conjugate retrasar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ persona› to make … late;


    b) ‹producción/proceso› to delay, hold up;


    c) ‹partida/fecha› to postpone

    d) ‹ reloj› to put back

    retrasarse verbo pronominal

    b) [producción/trámite] to be delayed, be held up

    c) (en trabajo, estudios, pagos) to fall behind;



    retraso sustantivo masculino
    a) ( demora) delay;


    llevamos un retraso de dos meses sobre lo previsto we're two months behind schedule

    retrasar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer que algo vaya más lento) to slow down: las obras retrasaron el tráfico, the road works held up the traffic
    2 (posponer) to delay, postpone: tendremos que retrasar las vacaciones, we will have to put off our holidays ➣ Ver nota en delay 3 (un reloj) to put back: retrasé el reloj una hora al llegar a Dublín, I put my clock back one hour when I arrived in Dublin
    retraso sustantivo masculino
    1 (en el tiempo) delay: llegó con retraso, he was late
    2 (con el trabajo, etc) behind schedule: llevamos dos meses de retraso, we are two months behind
    3 (en el desarrollo físico o mental) subnormality
    ' retraso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - ida
    - retrasarse
    - atraso
    - compensar
    - corriente
    - demora
    - impacientarse
    - llevar
    - pequeño
    - retrasar
    English:
    account
    - board
    - concoct
    - delay
    - excuse
    - experience
    - further
    - hold up
    - hold-up
    - late
    - retardation
    - schedule
    - takeoff
    - apologize
    - behind
    - handicap
    - hold
    - lag
    - slow
    * * *
    1. [demora] delay;
    el vuelo ha sufrido un pequeño retraso the flight has been slightly delayed;
    perdón por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay;
    llegar con (quince minutos de) retraso to be (fifteen minutes) late;
    los trenes circulan hoy con (una hora de) retraso trains are running (an hour) late today;
    el gobierno anunció el retraso de las elecciones the government announced that the elections were to be put back o postponed
    2. [por sobrepasar un límite]
    el proyecto lleva dos semanas de retraso the project is two weeks behind schedule;
    llevo en mi trabajo un retraso de veinte páginas I'm twenty pages behind with my work
    3. [subdesarrollo] backwardness;
    llevar (siglos de) retraso to be (centuries) behind
    4. retraso mental mental deficiency;
    tener un retraso mental to be mentally retarded
    * * *
    m delay;
    ir con retraso be late;
    llegar con retraso arrive late, be late o delayed;
    llevar retraso be late o delayed
    * * *
    1) atraso: delay, lateness
    2)
    retraso mental : mental retardation
    * * *
    retraso n delay

    Spanish-English dictionary > retraso

  • 7 сам по себе

    [AdjP; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. modif]
    ⇒ (of a person, thing, phenomenon etc) considered as a separate entity, with a focus on his or its intrinsic qualities, apart from related circumstances, events etc:
    - in (and of) oneself < itself>;
    - [in limited contexts] in one's < its> own right;
    - [when it modifies a deverbal noun or a clause] the very fact of (doing sth.);
    - the mere fact that...
         ♦ Мне было неловко видеть её [бабушки] печаль при свидании с нами; я сознавал, что мы сами по себе ничто в её глазах, что мы ей дороги только как воспоминание... (Толстой 2). I was embarrassed to see her [Grandmother's] sorrow at the sight of us; I realized that in ourselves we were nothing in her eyes, that we were dear to her only as a reminder... (2b).
         ♦ "Сама по себе затея написать книжку о выдающемся деятеле шестидесятых годов ничего предосудительного в себе не содержит" (Набоков 1). "In itself the idea of writing a book about an outstanding public figure of the sixties contains nothing reprehensible" (1a).
         ♦ Для Анны Николаевны пролетарская этика была священна сама по себе... (Богданов 1). То Anna Nikolaevna, proletarian ethics were sacred in and of themselves... (1a).
         ♦ В конце концов я узнал, что Иванько Сергей Сергеевич, 1925 года рождения: а) родственник бывшего председателя КГБ Семичастного; б) ближайший друг бывшего представителя СССР в Организации Объединённых Наций... Николая Т. Федоренко; в) сам по себе тоже большая шишка (Войнович 3). In the end, I learned that Ivanko, Sergei Sergeevich, born 1925, was: a. A relative of the former director of the KGB, Semichastny. b. A close friend of Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the former Soviet representative to the United Nations... c. A big shot in his own right (3a).
         ♦ На избирательных участках стоят, правда, задёрнутые шторами кабинки для "тайного" голосования... но даже сам по себе заход в эту кабинку будет кем-нибудь отмечен, и в досье совершившего этот "антиобщественный" поступок гражданина появится соответствующая отметка (Войнович 1). The polling places do...have booths with blinds that can be closed for casting a "secret" ballot....But the very fact of entering the booth will be noted in the dossier of the citizen committing that "antisocial" act (1a).
         ♦ Основное обвинение отец решительно отверг, но то, что он не сгрёб Лёву за шиворот и не вышвырнул тут же из кабинета, само по себе было очень примечательно (Битов 2). Father emphatically rejected the main accusation, but the mere fact that he didn't scoop Lyova up by the scruff of the neck and fling him right out of the study was very noteworthy (2a).
    2. расти, жить и т.п. сам по себе [adv]
    ⇒ (of a child) (to grow up) without receiving any attention, care, guidance etc from one's parents or guardians, (of an adult) (to live) having little or no contact with the person or people with whom one lives:
    - [in limited contexts] live one's own life.
         ♦ Родители были всегда заняты, и мальчик фактически рос сам по себе. The boy's parents were always busy, so actually he grew up on his own.
         ♦ У них с отцом [у Андрея с отцом] не существовало каких-то особых отношений - ни плохих, ни хороших, каждый... жил сам по себе (Распутин 2). Не [Andrei] and his father had no special relationship-it wasn't bad, it wasn't good, each lived his own life (2a).
    3. быть, существовать, жить и т.п. сам по себе [subj-compl with copula (subj: human, abstr, or concr) or adv; when used with two subjects, the idiom is repeated with each of them; often used in two clauses connected by contrastive Conj " а"]
    ⇒ some thing (phenomenon etc) is separate from, exists separately from a connected thing (phenomenon etc); some person (or group) lives, works etc individually, apart from some other person (or group):
    - (all) by o.s. < itself>;
    - on one's < its> own;
    - independently (of s.o. < sth.>);
    - [of things, phenomena etc only] (be) a separate entity (separate entities);
    || [when both subjects are specified] X сам по себе, a Y сам по себе≈ [of people] X went X's way and Y went Y's;
    - [of things] X is one thing and Y is another.
         ♦ [Липочка:] Так смотрите же, Лазарь Елизарыч, мы будем жить сами по себе, а они [тятенька и маменька] сами по себе (Островский 10). [L.:] Then, look here, Lazar Elizarych, we'll live by ourselves, and they'll [mama and daddy will] live by themselves (10a).
         ♦...Он [Лёва] ещё не может знать, не подозревает о существовании этих фактов, но эти факты тем не менее существуют сами по себе и существуют некоторым образом в его незнании (Битов 2).... Не [Lyova] cannot yet know about and does not suspect the existence of these facts, yet the facts nevertheless exist independently and also exist, after a fashion, in his ignorance (2a).
         ♦ "Ты, Илья Никанорыч, не подумай чего, наше дело - сторона, мы люди маленькие... Ванька сам по себе, а я сам по себе, у меня к евонным [ungrammat = его] затеям никакого касательства" (Максимов 1). "Ilya Nikanorych, please don't get the wrong idea. We're not mixed up in this, we're just simple people!... Vanka went his way and I went mine. I had nothing to do with what he was up to" (1a).
         ♦ Жизнь у него [Обломова] была сама по себе, а наука сама по себе (Гончаров 1). For him [Oblomov] life was one thing and learning another (1b).
         ♦ "...У вас на заводе работает инженер с высшим образованием и имеет в своём подчинении 10-12 чел. Он может приказать им что-нибудь только по работе, а после работы или во время выходного дня они ему уже не подчиняются и могут делать, что хотят, как говорится, ты сам по себе, а я сам по себе" (Войнович 2). [context transl] "...At the factory you have an engineer with a higher education, with some ten to twelve men under him. He can order them to do anything at work, but after work or on their days off they're not subordinate to him any more and they can do whatever they want-as the saying goes, you're your own boss and I'm mine" (2a).
    4. действовать, происходить и т.п. сам по себе [adv]
    ⇒ (of a person) (to act) on one's own initiative, not influenced by anyone's suggestions, without outside interference; (of a thing, event etc) (to happen, proceed etc) without any outside influence or interference:
    - (all) by o.s. (itself);
    - on one's (its) own.
         ♦ "Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?" (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
         ♦ Привычные словосочетания притупляли ощущение горя, уводили сознание в сторону, и вскоре язык Килина болтал уже что-то сам по себе, как отдельный и независимый член организма (Войнович 2). The familiar word patterns dulled his sense of grief, distracted his mind, and soon Kilin's tongue was babbling away all by itself, like a separate and independent part of his body (2a).
         ♦ Глаза были похожи на два неестественно голубых, светящихся шарика, подвешенных в воздухе над рулём пустой машины, которая идёт без водителя, сама по себе (Евтушенко 1). They were like two unnaturally blue shiny balloons, suspended in mid-air over the steering wheel of an empty car, which moved along of its own accord without a driver (1a).
         ♦...Ему надо только придумать первую фразу, а там дальше дело пойдёт само по себе (Войнович 6). [context transl] He had only to put together the first sentence, and after that the book would write itself (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сам по себе

  • 8 С-6

    CAM ПО СЕБЕ AdjP fixed WO
    1. ( usu. modif) (of a person, thing, phenomenon etc) considered as a separate entity, with a focus on his or its intrinsic qualities, apart from related circumstances, events etc
    in (and of) oneself (itself)
    (in limited contexts) in one's (its) own right (when it modif ies a deverbal noun or a clause) the very fact of (doing sth.) the mere fact that... Мне было неловко видеть её (бабушки) печаль при свидании с нами я сознавал, что мы сами по себе ничто в её глазах, что мы ей дороги только как воспоминание... (Толстой 2). I was embarrassed to see her (Grandmother's) sorrow at the sight of us
    I realized that in ourselves we were nothing in her eyes, that we were dear to her only as a reminder... (2b).
    «Сама по себе затея написать книжку о выдающемся деятеле шестидесятых годов ничего предосудительного в себе не содержит» (Набоков 1). "In itself the idea of writing a book about an outstanding public figure of the sixties contains nothing reprehensible" (1a).
    Для Анны Николаевны пролетарская этика была священна сама по себе... (Богданов 1). То Anna Nikolaevna, proletarian ethics were sacred in and of themselves... (1a).
    В конце концов я узнал, что Иванько Сергей Сергеевич, 1925 года рождения: а) родственник бывшего председателя КГБ Семичастного б) ближайший друг бывшего представителя СССР в Организации Объединённых Наций... Николая Т. Федоренко в) сам по себе тоже большая шишка (Войнович 3). In the end, I learned that Ivanko, Sergei Sergeevich, born 1925, was: a. A relative of the former director of the KGB, Semichastny. b. A close friend of Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the former Soviet representative to the United Nations... c. A big shot in his own right (3a).
    На избирательных участках стоят, правда, задёрнутые шторами кабинки для «тайного» голосования... но даже сам по себе заход в эту кабинку будет кем-нибудь отмечен, и в досье совершившего этот «антиобщественный» поступок гражданина появится соответствующая отметка (Войнович 1). The polling places do...have booths with blinds that can be closed for casting a "secret" ballot....But the very fact of entering the booth will be noted in the dossier of the citizen committing that "antisocial" act (1a).
    Основное обвинение отец решительно отверг, но то, что он не сгрёб Лёву за шиворот и не вышвырнул тут же из кабинета, само по себе было очень примечательно (Битов 2). Father emphatically rejected the main accusation, but the mere fact that he didn't scoop Lyova up by the scruff of the neck and fling him right out of the study was very noteworthy (2a).
    2. расти, жить и т. п. -
    adv
    (of a child) (to grow up) without receiving any attention, care, guidance etc from one's parents or guardians, (of an adult) (to live) having little or no contact with the person or people with whom one lives
    on one's own
    (in limited contexts) live one's own life.
    Родители были всегда заняты, и мальчик фактически рос сам по себе. The boy's parents were always busy, so actually he grew up on his own.
    У них с отцом (у Андрея с отцом) не существовало каких-то особых отношений - ни плохих, ни хороших, каждый... жил сам по себе (Распутин 2). Не (Andrei) and his father had no special relationship-it wasn't bad, it wasn't good, each lived his own life (2a).
    3. бытье, существовать, жить и т. п. - ( subj-compl with copula (subj: human, abstr, or concr) or adv
    when used with two subjects, the idiom is repeated with each of them
    often used in two clauses connected by contrastive Conj «a») some thing (phenom- Дойдя на Севере до Архангельска... (куриный) мор остановился сам собой по той причине, что идти ему дальше было некуда, - в Белом море куры, как известно, не водятся (Булгаков 10). Having reached Archangel...in the North, the (chicken) plague stopped by itself, for the reason that there was nowhere for it to go-as everybody knows, there are no hens in the White Sea (10b).
    Про кампанию оппозиции забудут, и она задохнется сама собой (Зиновьев 1). The campaign for protest will be forgotten and it'll wither away on its own" (1a).
    Князь Андрей, точно так же как и все люди полка, нахмуренный и бледный, ходил взад и вперёд по лугу... Делать и приказывать ему нечего было. Всё делалось само собою. Убитых оттаскивали за фронт, раненых относили, ряды смыкались (Толстой 6). Prince Andrei, pale and depressed like everyone else in the regiment, paced up and down from one border to another on the meadow...There were no orders to be given, nothing for him to do. Everything happened of itself. The dead were dragged back from the front, the wounded carried away, and again the ranks closed up (5a).
    Мнили, что во время этой гульбы хлеб вырастет сам собой, и потому перестали возделывать поля (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). They imagined that while this gaiety was going on, the corn would grow of its own accord, and they gave up tilling the fields (1b).
    Нож», — крикнул Филипп Филиппович. Нож вскочил ему в руки как бы сам собой... (Булгаков 11). "Knife," cried Philip Philippovich. The knife leaped into his hands as of its own volition... (1 la).
    О его сборничке так никто и не написал, - он почему-то полагал, что это само собою сделается, и даже не потрудился разослать редакциям... (Набоков 1). His book of poems did not get any reviews after all (somehow he had assumed it would happen automatically and had not even taken the trouble of sending out review copies...) (1a).
    2. \С-6 додумался до чего, добился чего и т. п. obsoles (one came up with an idea or solution, achieved sth. etc) independently, without anyone's help: (all) by o.s. (Городничий:) О, я знаю вас: вы если начнёте говорить о сотворении мира, просто волосы дыбом поднимаются. (Ам-мос Фёдорович:) Да ведь сам собою дошёл... (Гоголь 4). (Mayor:) Oh I know you. When you start spouting your crazy theories of the Creation, it's enough to make a man's hair stand on end. (A.E:) But I arrived at it all by myself... (4f). enon etc) is separate from, exists separately from a connected thing (phenomenon etc)
    some person (or group) lives, works etc individually, apart from some other person (or group): (all) by o.s. (itself) on one's (its) own independently (of s.o. sth.) (of things, phenomena etc only) (be) a separate entity (separate entities)
    (when both subjects are specified) X сам по себе, a Y сам по себе = (of people) X went X's way and Y went Y's
    (of things) X is one thing and Y is another.
    (Липочка:) Так смотрите же, Лазарь Елизарыч, мы будем жить сами по себе, а они (тятенька и маменька) сами по себе (Островский 10). (L.:) Then, look here, Lazar Elizarych, we'll live by ourselves, and they'll (mama and daddy will) live by themselves (10a).
    ...Он (Лёва) ещё не может знать, не подозревает о существовании этих фактов, но эти факты тем не менее существуют сами по себе и существуют некоторым образом в его незнании (Битов 2)....He (Lyova) cannot yet know about and does not suspect the existence of these facts, yet the facts nevertheless exist independently and also exist, after a fashion, in his ignorance (2a).
    Ты, Илья Никанорыч, не подумай чего, наше дело -сторона, мы люди маленькие... Ванька сам по себе, а я сам по себе, у меня к евонным ( ungrammat — его) затеям никакого касательства» (Максимов 1). "Ilya Nikanorych, please don't get the wrong idea. We're not mixed up in this, we're just simple people!... Vanka went his way and I went mine. I had nothing to do with what he was up to" (1a).
    Жизнь у него (Обломова) была сама по себе, а наука сама по себе (Гончаров 1). For him (Oblomov) life was one thing and learning another (1b).
    ...У вас на заводе работает инженер с высшим образованием и имеет в своём подчинении 10-12 чел. Он может приказать им что-нибудь только по работе, а после работы или во время выходного дня они ему уже не подчиняются и могут делать, что хотят, как говорится, ты сам по себе, а я сам по себе» (Войнович 2). ( context transl) "...At the factory you have an engineer with a higher education, with some ten to twelve men under him. He can order them to do anything at work, but after work or on their days off they're not subordinate to him any more and they can do whatever they want-as the saying goes, you're your own boss and I'm mine" (2a).
    4. действовать, происходить и т. п. -
    adv
    (of a person) (to act) on one's own initiative, not influenced by anyone's suggestions, without outside interference
    (of a thing, event etc) (to happen, proceed etc) without any outside influence or interference: (all) by o.s. (itself) of one's (its) own accord of one's (its) own volition on one's (its) own.
    «Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?» (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
    Привычные словосочетания притупляли ощущение горя, уводили сознание в сторону, и вскоре язык Килина болтал уже что-то сам по себе, как отдельный и независимый член организма (Войнович 2). The familiar word patterns dulled his sense of grief, distracted his mind, and soon Kilin's tongue was babbling away all by itself, like a separate and independent part of his body (2a).
    Глаза были похожи на два неестественно голубых, светящихся шарика, подвешенных в воздухе над рулём пустой машины, которая идёт без водителя, сама по себе (Евтушенко 1). They were like two unnaturally blue shiny balloons, suspended in mid-air over the steering wheel of an empty car, which moved along of its own accord without a driver (1a).
    ...Ему надо только придумать первую фразу, а там дальше дело пойдёт само по себе (Войнович 6). ( context transl) Не had only to put together the first sentence, and after that the book would write itself (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-6

  • 9 возникающие рынки

    General subject: emerging markets (Originally brought into fashion in the 1980s by then World Bank economist Antoine van Agtmael, the term signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described by or constraine)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > возникающие рынки

  • 10 В-151

    ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ ВКОСЬ И ВКРИВЬ obs AdvP these forms only adv
    1. Also: И ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ ( fixed WO
    (of numerous disorderly lines made when writing, drawing, stitching etc, of tracks left by vehicles or people, of a person's gait etc) unsystematically, in an irregular or disorderly fashion, in different ways or directions
    in all (different) directions
    every which way all over (the place (the paper etc » this way and that (way) (in limited contexts) crisscrossing (in all directions) (in limited contexts) all askew
    написано (напечатано) вкривь и вкось = written (printed) at all angles (across the page).
    Столы были сдвинуты со своих, геометрией подсказанных, правильных мест и стояли то там, то сям, вкривь и вкось... (Битов 2). The tables had been moved from their geometrically suggested correct places to stand here and there, every which way (2a).
    Для довершения сходства (с медведем) фрак на нём был совершенно медвежьего цвета, рукава длинны, панталоны длинны, ступнями ступал он и вкривь и вкось и наступал беспрестанно на чужие ноги (Гоголь 3). То complete the resemblance (to a bear), his frock coat was precisely the color of a bear's pelt, with sleeves and trousers that were too long, he set his feet down clumsily, this way and that way, and was continually treading on other people's feet (3c).
    С ними (оловянными солдатиками) происходило что-то совсем необыкновенное... Усы, нарисованные вкривь и вкось, стали на свои места и начали шевелиться... (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). Something quite unusual was happening to (the tin soldiers)....Their mustaches, painted all askew, rose up in their places and began to twitch... (1a).
    2. ( sth. is going, progressing) poorly
    ( sth. is done) not as it should be (done)
    all wrong
    sloppily any old way twisted and awry.
    И мне плохо. Плохо оттого, что всё идёт у нас с Юркой вкривь и вкось, и он этого не замечает (Михайловская 1). And I feel rotten. Because everything between Yuri and me is twisted and awry and he fails to notice it (1a).
    3. толковать (что), судить и т. п. \В-151. Also: ВКРИВЬ (ВКОСЬ) И ВПРЯМЬ obs, coll ( fixed WO
    (to interpret sth.) the way one wants to (with the implication that one's interpretation is incorrect or unfounded, that one distorts the phenomenon's true nature or meaning)
    in any way one likes
    every which way (in limited contexts) (interpret etc sth.) to suit one's own interests.
    «Давно пора понять, что это всё - пустые фразы, которые можно толковать вкривь и вкось» (Зиновьев 2). "It's high time to realise that all that is just empty phrases which you can interpret in any way you like" (2a).
    ...(Троекуров) мало заботился о выигрыше им затеянного дела, Шабашкин за него хлопотал, действуя от его имени, стращая и подкупая судей и толкуя вкривь и впрямь всевозможные указы (Пушкин 1). (Troekurov) cared... little about winning the case he had initiated. It was Shabashkin who kept busy on his behalf, acting in his name, intimidating and bribing judges, and interpreting every possible edict every which way (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > В-151

  • 11 вкось и вкривь

    • ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ; ВКОСЬ И ВКРИВЬ obs
    [AdvP; these forms only; adv]
    =====
    1. Also: И ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (of numerous disorderly lines made when writing, drawing, stitching etc, of tracks left by vehicles or people, of a person's gait etc) unsystematically, in an irregular or disorderly fashion, in different ways or directions:
    - all over (the place <the paper etc>;
    - [in limited contexts] crisscrossing (in all directions);
    - [in limited contexts] all askew;
    || написано( напечатано) вкривь и вкось≈ written (printed) at all angles (across the page).
         ♦ Столы были сдвинуты со своих, геометрией подсказанных, правильных мест и стояли то там, то сям, вкривь и вкось... (Битов 2). The tables had been moved from their geometrically suggested correct places to stand here and there, every which way (2a).
         ♦ Для довершения сходства [с медведем] фрак на нём был совершенно медвежьего цвета, рукава длинны, панталоны длинны, ступнями ступал он и вкривь и вкось и наступал беспрестанно на чужие ноги (Гоголь 3). То complete the resemblance [to a bear], his frock coat was precisely the color of a bear's pelt, with sleeves and trousers that were too long; he set his feet down clumsily, this way and that way, and was continually treading on other people's feet (3c).
         ♦ С ними [оловянными солдатиками] происходило что-то совсем необыкновенное... Усы, нарисованные вкривь и вкось, стали на свои места и начали шевелиться... (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). Something quite unusual was happening to [the tin soldiers].... Their mustaches, painted all askew, rose up in their places and began to twitch... (1a).
    2. (sth. is going, progressing) poorly; (sth. is done) not as it should be (done):
    - twisted and awry.
         ♦ И мне плохо. Плохо оттого, что все идёт у нас с Юркой вкривь и вкось, и он этого не замечает (Михайловская 1). And I feel rotten. Because everything between Yuri and me is twisted and awry and he fails to notice it (1a).
    3. толковать (что), судить и т.п. Also: ВКРИВЬ (ВКОСЬ) И ВПРЯМЬ obs, coll [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (to interpret sth.) the way one wants to (with the implication that one's interpretation is incorrect or unfounded, that one distorts the phenomenon's true nature or meaning):
    - [in limited contexts](interpret etc sth.) to suit one's own interests.
         ♦ "Давно пора понять, что это всё - пустые фразы, которые можно толковать вкривь и вкось" (Зиновьев 2). "It's high time to realise that all that is just empty phrases which you can interpret in any way you like" (2a).
         ♦...[Троекуров] мало заботился о выигрыше им затеянного дела, Шабашкин за него хлопотал, действуя от его имени, стращая и подкупая судей и толкуя вкривь и впрямь всевозможные указы (Пушкин 1). [Troekurov] cared... little about winning the case he had initiated. It was Shabashkin who kept busy on his behalf, acting in his name, intimidating and bribing judges, and interpreting every possible edict every which way (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вкось и вкривь

  • 12 вкось и впрямь

    • ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ; ВКОСЬ И ВКРИВЬ obs
    [AdvP; these forms only; adv]
    =====
    1. Also: И ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (of numerous disorderly lines made when writing, drawing, stitching etc, of tracks left by vehicles or people, of a person's gait etc) unsystematically, in an irregular or disorderly fashion, in different ways or directions:
    - all over (the place <the paper etc>;
    - [in limited contexts] crisscrossing (in all directions);
    - [in limited contexts] all askew;
    || написано( напечатано) вкривь и вкось≈ written (printed) at all angles (across the page).
         ♦ Столы были сдвинуты со своих, геометрией подсказанных, правильных мест и стояли то там, то сям, вкривь и вкось... (Битов 2). The tables had been moved from their geometrically suggested correct places to stand here and there, every which way (2a).
         ♦ Для довершения сходства [с медведем] фрак на нём был совершенно медвежьего цвета, рукава длинны, панталоны длинны, ступнями ступал он и вкривь и вкось и наступал беспрестанно на чужие ноги (Гоголь 3). То complete the resemblance [to a bear], his frock coat was precisely the color of a bear's pelt, with sleeves and trousers that were too long; he set his feet down clumsily, this way and that way, and was continually treading on other people's feet (3c).
         ♦ С ними [оловянными солдатиками] происходило что-то совсем необыкновенное... Усы, нарисованные вкривь и вкось, стали на свои места и начали шевелиться... (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). Something quite unusual was happening to [the tin soldiers].... Their mustaches, painted all askew, rose up in their places and began to twitch... (1a).
    2. (sth. is going, progressing) poorly; (sth. is done) not as it should be (done):
    - twisted and awry.
         ♦ И мне плохо. Плохо оттого, что все идёт у нас с Юркой вкривь и вкось, и он этого не замечает (Михайловская 1). And I feel rotten. Because everything between Yuri and me is twisted and awry and he fails to notice it (1a).
    3. толковать (что), судить и т.п. Also: ВКРИВЬ (ВКОСЬ) И ВПРЯМЬ obs, coll [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (to interpret sth.) the way one wants to (with the implication that one's interpretation is incorrect or unfounded, that one distorts the phenomenon's true nature or meaning):
    - [in limited contexts](interpret etc sth.) to suit one's own interests.
         ♦ "Давно пора понять, что это всё - пустые фразы, которые можно толковать вкривь и вкось" (Зиновьев 2). "It's high time to realise that all that is just empty phrases which you can interpret in any way you like" (2a).
         ♦...[Троекуров] мало заботился о выигрыше им затеянного дела, Шабашкин за него хлопотал, действуя от его имени, стращая и подкупая судей и толкуя вкривь и впрямь всевозможные указы (Пушкин 1). [Troekurov] cared... little about winning the case he had initiated. It was Shabashkin who kept busy on his behalf, acting in his name, intimidating and bribing judges, and interpreting every possible edict every which way (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вкось и впрямь

  • 13 вкривь и вкось

    • ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ; ВКОСЬ И ВКРИВЬ obs
    [AdvP; these forms only; adv]
    =====
    1. Also: И ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (of numerous disorderly lines made when writing, drawing, stitching etc, of tracks left by vehicles or people, of a person's gait etc) unsystematically, in an irregular or disorderly fashion, in different ways or directions:
    - all over (the place <the paper etc>;
    - [in limited contexts] crisscrossing (in all directions);
    - [in limited contexts] all askew;
    || написано( напечатано) вкривь и вкось≈ written (printed) at all angles (across the page).
         ♦ Столы были сдвинуты со своих, геометрией подсказанных, правильных мест и стояли то там, то сям, вкривь и вкось... (Битов 2). The tables had been moved from their geometrically suggested correct places to stand here and there, every which way (2a).
         ♦ Для довершения сходства [с медведем] фрак на нём был совершенно медвежьего цвета, рукава длинны, панталоны длинны, ступнями ступал он и вкривь и вкось и наступал беспрестанно на чужие ноги (Гоголь 3). То complete the resemblance [to a bear], his frock coat was precisely the color of a bear's pelt, with sleeves and trousers that were too long; he set his feet down clumsily, this way and that way, and was continually treading on other people's feet (3c).
         ♦ С ними [оловянными солдатиками] происходило что-то совсем необыкновенное... Усы, нарисованные вкривь и вкось, стали на свои места и начали шевелиться... (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). Something quite unusual was happening to [the tin soldiers].... Their mustaches, painted all askew, rose up in their places and began to twitch... (1a).
    2. (sth. is going, progressing) poorly; (sth. is done) not as it should be (done):
    - twisted and awry.
         ♦ И мне плохо. Плохо оттого, что все идёт у нас с Юркой вкривь и вкось, и он этого не замечает (Михайловская 1). And I feel rotten. Because everything between Yuri and me is twisted and awry and he fails to notice it (1a).
    3. толковать (что), судить и т.п. Also: ВКРИВЬ (ВКОСЬ) И ВПРЯМЬ obs, coll [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (to interpret sth.) the way one wants to (with the implication that one's interpretation is incorrect or unfounded, that one distorts the phenomenon's true nature or meaning):
    - [in limited contexts](interpret etc sth.) to suit one's own interests.
         ♦ "Давно пора понять, что это всё - пустые фразы, которые можно толковать вкривь и вкось" (Зиновьев 2). "It's high time to realise that all that is just empty phrases which you can interpret in any way you like" (2a).
         ♦...[Троекуров] мало заботился о выигрыше им затеянного дела, Шабашкин за него хлопотал, действуя от его имени, стращая и подкупая судей и толкуя вкривь и впрямь всевозможные указы (Пушкин 1). [Troekurov] cared... little about winning the case he had initiated. It was Shabashkin who kept busy on his behalf, acting in his name, intimidating and bribing judges, and interpreting every possible edict every which way (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вкривь и вкось

  • 14 вкривь и впрямь

    • ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ; ВКОСЬ И ВКРИВЬ obs
    [AdvP; these forms only; adv]
    =====
    1. Also: И ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (of numerous disorderly lines made when writing, drawing, stitching etc, of tracks left by vehicles or people, of a person's gait etc) unsystematically, in an irregular or disorderly fashion, in different ways or directions:
    - all over (the place <the paper etc>;
    - [in limited contexts] crisscrossing (in all directions);
    - [in limited contexts] all askew;
    || написано( напечатано) вкривь и вкось≈ written (printed) at all angles (across the page).
         ♦ Столы были сдвинуты со своих, геометрией подсказанных, правильных мест и стояли то там, то сям, вкривь и вкось... (Битов 2). The tables had been moved from their geometrically suggested correct places to stand here and there, every which way (2a).
         ♦ Для довершения сходства [с медведем] фрак на нём был совершенно медвежьего цвета, рукава длинны, панталоны длинны, ступнями ступал он и вкривь и вкось и наступал беспрестанно на чужие ноги (Гоголь 3). То complete the resemblance [to a bear], his frock coat was precisely the color of a bear's pelt, with sleeves and trousers that were too long; he set his feet down clumsily, this way and that way, and was continually treading on other people's feet (3c).
         ♦ С ними [оловянными солдатиками] происходило что-то совсем необыкновенное... Усы, нарисованные вкривь и вкось, стали на свои места и начали шевелиться... (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). Something quite unusual was happening to [the tin soldiers].... Their mustaches, painted all askew, rose up in their places and began to twitch... (1a).
    2. (sth. is going, progressing) poorly; (sth. is done) not as it should be (done):
    - twisted and awry.
         ♦ И мне плохо. Плохо оттого, что все идёт у нас с Юркой вкривь и вкось, и он этого не замечает (Михайловская 1). And I feel rotten. Because everything between Yuri and me is twisted and awry and he fails to notice it (1a).
    3. толковать (что), судить и т.п. Also: ВКРИВЬ (ВКОСЬ) И ВПРЯМЬ obs, coll [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (to interpret sth.) the way one wants to (with the implication that one's interpretation is incorrect or unfounded, that one distorts the phenomenon's true nature or meaning):
    - [in limited contexts](interpret etc sth.) to suit one's own interests.
         ♦ "Давно пора понять, что это всё - пустые фразы, которые можно толковать вкривь и вкось" (Зиновьев 2). "It's high time to realise that all that is just empty phrases which you can interpret in any way you like" (2a).
         ♦...[Троекуров] мало заботился о выигрыше им затеянного дела, Шабашкин за него хлопотал, действуя от его имени, стращая и подкупая судей и толкуя вкривь и впрямь всевозможные указы (Пушкин 1). [Troekurov] cared... little about winning the case he had initiated. It was Shabashkin who kept busy on his behalf, acting in his name, intimidating and bribing judges, and interpreting every possible edict every which way (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вкривь и впрямь

  • 15 и вкривь и вкось

    • ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ; ВКОСЬ И ВКРИВЬ obs
    [AdvP; these forms only; adv]
    =====
    1. Also: И ВКРИВЬ И ВКОСЬ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (of numerous disorderly lines made when writing, drawing, stitching etc, of tracks left by vehicles or people, of a person's gait etc) unsystematically, in an irregular or disorderly fashion, in different ways or directions:
    - all over (the place <the paper etc>;
    - [in limited contexts] crisscrossing (in all directions);
    - [in limited contexts] all askew;
    || написано( напечатано) вкривь и вкось≈ written (printed) at all angles (across the page).
         ♦ Столы были сдвинуты со своих, геометрией подсказанных, правильных мест и стояли то там, то сям, вкривь и вкось... (Битов 2). The tables had been moved from their geometrically suggested correct places to stand here and there, every which way (2a).
         ♦ Для довершения сходства [с медведем] фрак на нём был совершенно медвежьего цвета, рукава длинны, панталоны длинны, ступнями ступал он и вкривь и вкось и наступал беспрестанно на чужие ноги (Гоголь 3). То complete the resemblance [to a bear], his frock coat was precisely the color of a bear's pelt, with sleeves and trousers that were too long; he set his feet down clumsily, this way and that way, and was continually treading on other people's feet (3c).
         ♦ С ними [оловянными солдатиками] происходило что-то совсем необыкновенное... Усы, нарисованные вкривь и вкось, стали на свои места и начали шевелиться... (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). Something quite unusual was happening to [the tin soldiers].... Their mustaches, painted all askew, rose up in their places and began to twitch... (1a).
    2. (sth. is going, progressing) poorly; (sth. is done) not as it should be (done):
    - twisted and awry.
         ♦ И мне плохо. Плохо оттого, что все идёт у нас с Юркой вкривь и вкось, и он этого не замечает (Михайловская 1). And I feel rotten. Because everything between Yuri and me is twisted and awry and he fails to notice it (1a).
    3. толковать (что), судить и т.п. Also: ВКРИВЬ (ВКОСЬ) И ВПРЯМЬ obs, coll [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (to interpret sth.) the way one wants to (with the implication that one's interpretation is incorrect or unfounded, that one distorts the phenomenon's true nature or meaning):
    - [in limited contexts](interpret etc sth.) to suit one's own interests.
         ♦ "Давно пора понять, что это всё - пустые фразы, которые можно толковать вкривь и вкось" (Зиновьев 2). "It's high time to realise that all that is just empty phrases which you can interpret in any way you like" (2a).
         ♦...[Троекуров] мало заботился о выигрыше им затеянного дела, Шабашкин за него хлопотал, действуя от его имени, стращая и подкупая судей и толкуя вкривь и впрямь всевозможные указы (Пушкин 1). [Troekurov] cared... little about winning the case he had initiated. It was Shabashkin who kept busy on his behalf, acting in his name, intimidating and bribing judges, and interpreting every possible edict every which way (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > и вкривь и вкось

  • 16 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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  • parapsychological phenomenon — also called  PSI phenomenon        any of several types of events that cannot be accounted for by natural law or knowledge apparently acquired by other than usual sensory abilities. The discipline concerned with investigating such phenomena is… …   Universalium

  • Viral phenomenon — Viral phenomena are objects or patterns able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them.The concept of something, other than a biological virus, being viral came into vogue… …   Wikipedia

  • Grunge, a Fleeting Fashion Rage — ▪ 1994       In the MTV era, music groups reign as trendsetters in the realm of clothing styles for U.S. youth. This phenomenon helped provide an explanation for the relatively short lived explosion of grunge, which started in Seattle, Wash., and …   Universalium

  • beat phenomenon — when a two degree of freedom system has two closely spaced natural frequencies, wn1 and wn2, vibration kinetic energy will transfer from one degree of freedom to the other in a periodic fashion. The frequency of this transfer is known as the beat …   Mechanics glossary

  • phenomena — {<charset c=U><HR> } 01. The Northern Lights are a fascinating [phenomenon] which attract viewers from around the world. 02. There has been a [phenomenal] increase in the number of homes with personal computers in the last few years.… …   Grammatical examples in English

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